Rule 9 B

RULE 9(b)

Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp., USA, 317 F.3d 1097 (9th Cir. 2003)

In a case where fraud is not an essential element of a claim, only allegations of fraudulent

conduct must satisfy the heightened pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

9(b); allegations of non-fraudulent conduct need satisfy only the ordinary notice pleading

standards of Rule 8(a).

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